Our understanding of autism has changed over the last forty years. Historically, autism was diagnosed based on narrow criteria. Today, while still defined by social and communication difficulties, rigid interests and repetitive behaviours, the autism spectrum is far broader, and the historical under-diagnosis of women and girls is being addressed. ‘Autisms’ are more often discussed as neurodivergence rather than a single ‘disorder’ to be treated. This lecture explores how our understanding of autism has changed and directions for future research. Francesca Happé CBE FBA recorded this lecture on 28th February 2024 at Barnard’s Inn Hall, London. Francesca is a Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London.