Hitting the target with non-invasive deep brain stimulation: Potential therapy for addiction, depression, and OCD

Researchers at EPFL have successfully tested a novel technique for probing deep into the human brain, without surgery, for potential therapeutic purposes.

Non-invasive stimulation of the striatum

A model image of the targeted deep brain zone, the striatum, a key player in reward and reinforcement mechanisms. CREDIT EPFL

Neurological disorders, such as addiction, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), affect millions of people worldwide and are often characterized by complex pathologies involving multiple brain regions and circuits. These conditions are notoriously difficult to treat due to the intricate and poorly understood nature of brain functions and the challenge of delivering therapies to deep brain structures without invasive procedures.



In the rapidly evolving field of neuroscience, non-invasive brain stimulation is a new hope for understanding and treating a myriad of neurological and psychiatric conditions without surgical intervention or implants. Researchers, led by Friedhelm Hummel, who holds the Defitchech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering at EPFL’s School of Life Sciences, and postdoc Pierre Vassiliadis, are pioneering a new approach in the field, opening frontiers in treating conditions like addiction and depression.

Their research, leveraging transcranial Temporal Interference Electric Stimulation (TMS), specifically targets deep brain regions that are the control centres of several important cognitive functions involved in different neurological and psychiatric pathologies. The research highlights the interdisciplinary approach that integrates medicine, neuroscience, computation, and engineering to improve our understanding of the brain and develop potentially life-changing therapies.

“Invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) has already successfully been applied to the deeply seated neural control centres to curb addiction and treat Parkinson’s, OCD or depression,” says Hummel. “The key difference with our approach is that it is non-invasive, meaning that we use low-level electrical stimulation on the scalp to target these regions.”

Vassiliadis, lead author of the paper, a medical doctor with a joint PhD, describes tTIS as using two pairs of electrodes attached to the scalp to apply weak electrical fields inside the brain. “Up until now, we couldn’t specifically target these regions with non-invasive techniques, as the low-level electrical fields would stimulate all the regions between the skull and the deeper zones—rendering any treatments ineffective. This approach allows us to selectively stimulate deep brain regions that are important in neuropsychiatric disorders,” he explains.

The innovative technique is based on temporal interference, initially explored in rodent models, and now successfully translated to human applications by the EPFL team. In this experiment, one pair of electrodes is set to a frequency of 2,000 Hz, while another is set to 2,080 Hz. Thanks to detailed computational models of the brain structure, the electrodes are specifically positioned on the scalp to ensure that their signals intersect in the target region.

At this juncture, the magic of interference occurs: the slight frequency disparity of 80 Hz between the two currents becomes the effective stimulation frequency within the target zone. The brilliance of this method lies in its selectivity; the high base frequencies (e.g., 2,000 Hz) do not stimulate neural activity directly, leaving the intervening brain tissue unaffected and focusing the effect solely on the targeted region.

This latest research focuses on the human striatum, a key player in reward and reinforcement mechanisms. “We’re examining how reinforcement learning, essentially how we learn through rewards, can be influenced by targeting specific brain frequencies,” says Vassiliadis. By stimulating the striatum at 80 Hz, the team found they could disrupt its normal functioning, directly affecting the learning process.

The therapeutic potential of their work is immense, particularly for conditions like addiction, apathy and depression, where reward mechanisms play a crucial role. “With addiction, for example, people tend to over-approach rewards. Our method could help reduce this pathological overemphasis,” Vassiliadis, also a researcher at UCLouvain’s Institute of Neuroscience, points out.

Furthermore, the team is exploring how different stimulation patterns can disrupt and potentially enhance brain functions. “This first step was to prove the hypothesis of 80 Hz affecting the striatum, and we did it by disrupting its functioning. Our research also shows promise in improving motor behaviour and increasing striatum activity, particularly in older adults with reduced learning abilities,” Vassiliadis adds.

Hummel, a trained neurologist, sees this technology as the beginning of a new chapter in brain stimulation, offering personalized treatment with less invasive methods. “We’re looking at a non-invasive approach that allows us to experiment and personalize treatment for deep brain stimulation in the early stages,” he says. Another key advantage of tTIS is its minimal side effects. Most study participants reported only mild sensations on the skin, making it a highly tolerable and patient-friendly approach.

Hummel and Vassiliadis are optimistic about the impact of their research. They envision a future where non-invasive neuromodulation therapies could be readily available in hospitals, offering a cost-effective and expansive treatment scope.

Obsessive compulsive disorder – what are the signs of OCD?




Obsessive compulsive disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Symptoms

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) affects people differently, but usually causes a particular pattern of thoughts and behaviours.




This pattern has four main steps:

Obsession – where an unwanted, intrusive and often distressing thought, image or urge repeatedly enters your mind.

Anxiety – the obsession provokes a feeling of intense anxiety or distress.

Compulsion – repetitive behaviours or mental acts that you feel driven to perform as a result of the anxiety and distress caused by the obsession.

Temporary relief – the compulsive behaviour temporarily relieves the anxiety, but the obsession and anxiety soon returns, causing the cycle to begin again.

It’s possible to just have obsessive thoughts or just have compulsions, but most people with OCD will experience both.

Obsessive thoughts

Almost everyone has unpleasant or unwanted thoughts at some point, such as thinking they may have forgotten to lock the door of the house, or even sudden unwelcome violent or offensive mental images.

But if you have a persistent, unpleasant thought that dominates your thinking to the extent it interrupts other thoughts, you may have an obsession.

Some common obsessions that affect people with OCD include:

fear of deliberately harming yourself or others – for example, fear you may attack someone else, such as your children

fear of harming yourself or others by mistake – for example, fear you may set the house on fire by leaving the cooker on

fear of contamination by disease, infection or an unpleasant substance

a need for symmetry or orderliness – for example, you may feel the need to ensure all the labels on the tins in your cupboard face the same way

You may have obsessive thoughts of a violent or sexual nature that you find repulsive or frightening. But they’re just thoughts and having them doesn’t mean you’ll act on them.

Compulsive behaviour

Compulsions arise as a way of trying to reduce or prevent anxiety caused by the obsessive thought, although in reality this behaviour is either excessive or not realistically connected.




For example, a person who fears contamination with germs may wash their hands repeatedly, or someone with a fear of harming their family may have the urge to repeat an action multiple times to “neutralise” the thought.

Most people with OCD realise that such compulsive behaviour is irrational and makes no logical sense, but they can’t stop acting on it and feel they need to do it “just in case”.

Common types of compulsive behaviour in people with OCD include:

cleaning and hand washing

checking – such as checking doors are locked or that the gas is off

counting

ordering and arranging

hoarding

asking for reassurance

repeating words in their head

thinking “neutralising” thoughts to counter the obsessive thoughts

avoiding places and situations that could trigger obsessive thoughts

Not all compulsive behaviours will be obvious to other people.

Getting help

It’s important to get help if you think you have OCD and it’s having a significant impact on your life.

If you think a friend or family member may have OCD, try talking to them about your concerns and suggest they seek help.

OCD is unlikely to get better on its own, but treatment and support is available to help you manage your symptoms and have a better quality of life.

Deep brain stimulation – find out about this treatment for Parkinson’s disease, OCD, Essential Tremor and Dystonia




Deep brain stimulation – find out about this treatment for Parkinson’s disease, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Essential Tremor and Dystonia.

Deep Brain Stimulation
Source: Mount Sinai Hospital




How do you know if you have OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder? Watch this video to find out more!




OCD

OCD

Nearly half of people claim to have OCD related traits or behaviours, but how do you




know when it’s really OCD?

Log on to the  live web TV show to find out the symptoms of this mental illness, what it can lead to, what can be done to treat it and what the risks are of ignoring signs

Show date: Wednesday 13th November

Show time: 2pm

In recent years OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has been the subject of many TV documentaries, reality TV shows and even stand-up comedy routines. But how much do we actually know about the condition and are such shows part of the problem when it comes to lack of understanding?

Official estimates are that 1.2% of the population suffer from OCD, however new research released by benenden health reveals that more than 40% of people polled believe they exhibit traits of the mental illness, highlighting the real lack of awareness many people have.

From obsessive checking of things like making sure appliances are turned off and doors are locked, to compulsive hand washing, hoarding and pervasive thoughts that if everything isn’t in order bad things will happen, OCD can come in many different forms.

But how serious is the condition, what can it lead to from a mental health perspective and how easy is it to treat?

Log on to benenden heath’s live Web TV show where

Nearly half of people claim to have OCD related traits or behaviours, but how do you know when it’s really OCD?




In recent years OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has been the subject of many TV documentaries, reality TV shows and even stand-up comedy routines. But how much do we actually know about the condition and are such shows part of the problem when it comes to lack of understanding?

Official estimates are that 1.2% of the population suffer from OCD, however new research released by benenden health reveals that more than 40% of people polled believe they exhibit traits of the mental illness, highlighting the real lack of awareness many people have.

From obsessive checking of things like making sure appliances are turned off and doors are locked, to compulsive hand washing, hoarding and pervasive thoughts that if everything isn’t in order bad things will happen, OCD can come in many different forms.

But how serious is the condition, what can it lead to from a mental health perspective and how easy is it to treat?

Log on to benenden heath’s Web TV show where Beth Murphy, Head of Information at Mind discusses OCD – from recognising the symptoms and traits of the condition, to treatment and the risks of ignoring the warning signs in both yourself and others.

 

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Awareness Week 2013 – submit for questions about OCD for WebTV show!

OCD Awareness Week

OCD Awareness Week

Log on to the  live web TV show on the first day of OCD Awareness Week to find out the symptoms of this mental illness, what it can lead to, what can be done to treat it and what the risks are of ignoring signs

Show date: Monday 14th October

Show time: 2pm

In recent years OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder has been the subject of many TV documentaries, reality TV shows and even stand-up comedy routines. But how many of us could actually be suffering from some of the traits of the condition without even realising it?

Official estimates are that 1.2% of the population suffer from OCD, however new research released by Benenden Health and backed by charity OCD UK reveals the numbers could be much higher.

From obsessive checking of things like making sure appliances are turned off and doors are locked, to compulsive hand washing, hoarding and pervasive thoughts that if everything isn’t in order bad things will happen, OCD can come in many different forms.

But how serious is the condition, what can it lead to from a mental health perspective and how easy is it to treat?

Log on to Benenden Heath’s live Web TV show where Ashley Fulwood, Chief Executive of OCD UK and Dr Victoria Bream Oldfield, Clinical Psychologist (OCD Specialist) discuss OCD – from recognising the symptoms and traits of the condition, to treatment and the risks of ignoring the warning signs in both yourself and others.