Encapsulated glucagon for insulin-induced hypoglycemia dissolves when sugar levels get seriously low (less than 60 milligrams per deciliter, mg/dL), releasing the hormone into the bloodstream and triggering the liver to release glucose. The micelles remain intact at normal sugar levels (more than 100 mg/dL), keeping glucagon inactive. Credit Adapted from ACS Central Science 2024, DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00937

People with diabetes take insulin to lower high blood sugar. However, if glucose levels plunge too low — from taking too much insulin or not eating enough sugar — people can experience hypoglycemia, which can lead to dizziness, cognitive impairment, seizures or comas. Researchers in ACS Central Science report encapsulating the hormone glucagon to prevent and treat this condition. In mouse trials, the nanocapsules activated when blood sugar levels dropped dangerously low and quickly restored glucose levels.

Glucagon is a hormone that signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. It’s typically given by injection to counteract severe hypoglycemia in people who have diabetes. While an emergency glucagon injection can correct blood sugar levels in about 30 minutes, formulations can be unstable and insoluble in water. Sometimes, the hormone quickly breaks down when mixed for injections and clumps together to form toxic fibrils. Additionally, many hypoglycemic episodes occur at night, when people with diabetes aren’t likely to test their blood sugar. To improve commercial glucagon stability and prevent hypoglycemia, Andrea Hevener and Heather Maynard looked to micelles: nanoscale, soap-like bubbles that can be customized to assemble or disassemble in different environments and are used for drug delivery. They developed a glucose-responsive micelle that encapsulates and protects glucagon in the bloodstream when sugar levels are normal but dissolve if levels drop dangerously low. To prevent hypoglycemia, the micelles could be injected ahead of time and circulate in the bloodstream until they are needed.

In lab experiments, the researchers observed that the micelles disassembled only in liquid environments mimicking hypoglycemic conditions in human and mice bodies: less than 60 milligrams of glucose per deciliter. Next, when mice experiencing insulin-induced hypoglycemia received an injection of the specialized micelles, they achieved normal blood sugar levels within 40 minutes. The team also determined that glucagon-packed micelles stayed intact in mice and didn’t release the hormone unless blood glucose levels fell below the clinical threshold for severe hypoglycemia. From additional toxicity and biosafety studies in mice, the researchers note that empty micelles didn’t trigger an immune response or induce organ damage.