Researchers from Michigan State University and South Shore Hospital in Massachusetts have discovered a link between two common diabetes medications – insulin and metformin – found in the fluid from diabetic foot ulcers, which could enhance their healing.
While analyzing wound exudate (the fluid the body moves and secretes to the site of an injury), researchers discovered the presence of metformin in patients who take the drug orally.
The researchers investigated the connection between metformin and insulin. They discovered that in patients who use both insulin injections and oral metformin, the concentration of metformin in wounds significantly rises. Previously, it was thought that there was no interaction between insulin and metformin.
The team’s findings may be immediately relevant to healthcare professionals treating patients with diabetic foot ulcers and biotech developers of wound dressings.
A study of 44,541 women has found that there appears to be no association between type 2 diabetes and developing breast cancer overall. This may be because most women in the study with type 2 diabetes were taking metformin, a medication widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, whose actions may help to reduce the risk of developing oestrogen positive (ER-positive) breast cancer.
ER-positive breast cancer (cancer that has receptors on cell surfaces for the hormone oestrogen) accounts for about 80% of breast cancer diagnosed in the USA. Associations uncovered in the study suggested that the link between type 2 diabetes and breast cancer varied by breast cancer subtype and was affected by the use of metformin to treat diabetes. The study is published in the leading cancer journal Annals of Oncology [1] today (Friday).
Over the period of the study, which had an average of more than eight years of follow-up, the researchers found that type 2 diabetes was associated with a 40% increased risk of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC, breast cancer that lacks receptors for the hormones oestrogen and progesterone and the HER2 protein) when compared with women who did not have diabetes. In contrast, there was a small (8%) decrease in risk for ER-positive breast cancer. These results were not statistically significant.
When the researchers considered women according to the type of treatment they received, type 2 diabetes treated with metformin was associated with a 14% decreased risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer but a 25% increased risk of developing ER-negative breast cancer (breast cancer that lacks receptors for the hormone oestrogen) when compared to non-diabetic women. These results were also not statistically significant. However, there was a statistically significant 74% increased risk of developing TNBC among those treated with metformin.
Professor Dale Sandler, chief of the Epidemiology Branch at the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (USA), who led the research, said: “We also found that having type 2 diabetes for 15 years or more seemed to be associated with a 39% reduced risk of ER-positive breast cancer, and we think this is most likely to be because of long-term use of metformin. We found that, compared to non-diabetic women, the risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer was reduced by 38% among women with type 2 diabetes who had used metformin for ten years or more.
“Taken together, these findings suggest that having type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of developing breast cancer, but that taking metformin may protect against developing ER-positive breast cancer, the most common type of breast cancer. Metformin did not appear to protect against ER-negative or triple negative breast cancer. We can’t say for sure if the increased risk of triple negative breast cancer is because metformin doesn’t protect women against the negative effects of having type 2 diabetes or because metformin use can cause triple negative breast cancer. Since there are no mechanistic data supporting a causal effect of metformin, the former interpretation seems more likely.”
The researchers also found that among women who developed type 2 diabetes after joining the study, those who were treated with medications other than metformin had twice the risk of developing any type of breast cancer compared to non-diabetic women, and 2.6 times the risk of developing ER-positive breast cancer. However, the numbers in this group were small, only 13 women developed any type of breast cancer, and so this result needs to be treated with caution.
Previous studies have reported an increase risk of breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes, but there has been conflicting evidence from more recent studies and on the association between metformin and breast cancer. The current study analysed data from the Sister Study, which enrolled women from the USA and Puerto Rico between 2003 and 2009 using follow-up data through to the end of 2017 (although women continue to be followed after that date). At enrolment, the women were 35-74 years old, had no previous diagnosis of breast cancer, but were sisters or half-sisters of women diagnosed with breast cancer. The women completed annual health updates and follow-up questionnaires every three years.
The first author of the study, Dr Yong-Moon Mark Park, a postdoctoral fellow at the NIEHS, NIH, when the study was conducted (now an assistant professor at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, USA), said: “Our study is the first to try to disentangle the effects of type 2 diabetes and the effects of metformin use. Having information about subtypes of breast cancer that may have different causes helped us to reach our conclusions. However, it’s important to note that some of our findings, especially for triple negative breast cancer, were based on a small number of cases and those results need replication. Further studies are needed to discover whether the apparent increased risk of triple negative breast cancer is caused by metformin or is due to the absence of protection from metformin.”
Possible mechanisms by which metformin may reduce breast cancer risk include that it improves insulin sensitivity, and corrects high insulin levels by reducing the amount of insulin and insulin-like growth factor circulating in the body, which may activate cell signals involved in cancer; it may slow breast cancer growth by activating an enzyme called adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), which inhibits a pathway involved in the proliferation of cancer cells; and it may reduce the risk of ER-positive breast cancer by inhibiting oestrogen receptors that plays a role in the development and progression of breast cancer.
Strengths of the study include its prospective design, a large group of women and high rates of follow-up (90%). Limitations include the fact that the researchers were unable to account for glucose control and progression or improvement of type 2 diabetes, which could affect the risk of breast cancer; it was difficult to disentangle the effects of diabetes from the effects of medication as so many women were prescribed metformin and used it for many years; there was no information on metformin dose, which could reflect severity of diabetes or duration, but also might play a role in the degree of protection it provided.
In an accompanying editorial [2], Dr Ana Lohmann from the University of Western Ontario, and Dr Pamela Goodwin from the University of Toronto, Canada, write: “Despite the inclusion of 44,541 subjects, there were only 277 BCs [breast cancers] diagnosed in women with T2D [type 2 diabetes], including 25 TNBC; 177 and 20, respectively of these received metformin. The significant association of T2D with risk of TNBC in the subgroup treated with metformin (n=20) may have reflected chance and/or uncontrolled bias and confounding.”
They conclude: “The report by Park adds to the growing evidence linking T2D and its treatment to BC risk but definitive conclusions regarding these associations are not yet possible. Clearly, this is an important area and additional research is needed to untangle the web of inter-related associations of T2D, its treatment and BC risk . . . Over time, consistency of associations across studies should be sought and the biologic plausibility of any associations that are identified established.”
Use of the diabetes drug metformin — before a diagnosis of COVID-19 — was associated with a threefold decrease in mortality in COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes
Anath Shalev UAB
Use of the diabetes drug metformin — before a diagnosis of COVID-19 — is associated with a threefold decrease in mortality in COVID-19 patients with Type 2 diabetes, according to a racially diverse study at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Diabetes is a significant comorbidity for COVID-19.
“This beneficial effect remained, even after correcting for age, sex, race, obesity, and hypertension or chronic kidney disease and heart failure,” said Anath Shalev, M.D., director of UAB’s Comprehensive Diabetes Center and leader of the study.
“Since similar results have now been obtained in different populations from around the world — including China, France and a UnitedHealthcare analysis — this suggests that the observed reduction in mortality risk associated with metformin use in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and COVID-19 might be generalizable,” Shalev said.
How metformin improves prognosis in the context of COVID-19 is not known, Shalev says. The UAB findings suggest that the mechanisms may go beyond any expected improvement in glycemic control or obesity, since neither body mass index, blood glucose nor hemoglobin A1C were lower in the metformin users who survived as compared to those who died.
“The mechanisms may involve metformin’s previously described anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects,” Shalev said.
The study — first made available in MedRxiv and now published in the peer-reviewed journal Frontiers in Endocrinology — included 25,326 patients tested for COVID-19 at the tertiary care UAB Hospital between Feb. 25 and June 22 of last year. Of the 604 patients found to be COVID-19-positive, 311 were African Americans.
The primary outcome in the study was mortality in COVID-19-positive subjects, and the potential association with subject characteristics or comorbidities was analyzed.
Researchers found that Blacks, who are only 26 percent of Alabama’s population, were 52 percent of those who tested positive for COVID-19, and only 30 percent of those who tested negative. In contrast, only 36 percent of the COVID-19-positive subjects were white, while whites made up 56 percent of those who tested negative, further underlining the racial disparity. Once COVID-19-positive though, no significant racial difference in mortality was observed.
“In our cohort,” Shalev said, “being African American appeared to be primarily a risk factor for contracting COVID-19, rather than for mortality. This suggests that any racial disparity observed is likely due to exposure risk and external socioeconomic factors, including access to proper health care.”
Overall mortality for COVID-19-positive patients was 11 percent. The study found that 93 percent of deaths occurred in subjects over the age of 50, and being male or having high blood pressure was associated with a significantly elevated risk of death. Diabetes was associated with a dramatic increase in mortality, with an odds ratio of 3.62. Overall, 67 percent of deaths in the study occurred in subjects with diabetes.
The researchers looked at the effects of diabetes treatment on adverse COVID-19 outcomes, focusing on insulin and metformin as the two most common medications for Type 2 diabetes. They found that prior insulin use did not affect mortality risk.
However, prior metformin use was a different matter. Metformin use significantly reduced the odds of dying, and the 11 percent mortality for metformin users was not only comparable to that of the general COVID-19-positive population, it was dramatically lower than the 23 percent mortality for diabetes patients not on metformin.
After controlling for other covariates, age, sex and metformin use emerged as independent factors affecting COVID-19-related mortality. Interestingly, even after controlling for all these other covariates, death was significantly less likely — with an odds ratio of 0.33 — for Type 2 diabetes subjects taking metformin, compared with those who did not take metformin.
“These results suggest that, while diabetes is an independent risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality,” Shalev said, “this risk is dramatically reduced in subjects taking metformin — raising the possibility that metformin may provide a protective approach in this high-risk population.”
The researchers say future studies will need to explore how metformin is protective, as well as assess the risks and benefits of metformin treatment and the indications for its use in the face of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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