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Posted on Diabetes, Diet

No ‘one size fits all’ treatment for Type 1 Diabetes, study finds

Researchers: "We have miscalculated for decades – half of an insulin dose may not work as expected"

A new study has found that factors beyond carbohydrates substantially influence blood glucose levels, meaning current automated insulin delivery systems miss vital information required for glucose regulation.

A team of researchers from the University of Bristol analysing automated insulin delivery data from people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) discovered that unexpected patterns in insulin needs are just as common as well-established ones.

The study, published today in JMIRx Med, aimed to identify patterns in insulin needs changes and analyse how frequently these occur in people with T1D who use OpenAPS, a state-of-the-art automated insulin delivery system (AID).

Lead author Isabella Degen from Bristol’s Faculty of Science and Engineering explained: “The results support our hypothesis that factors beyond carbohydrates play a substantial role in euglycemia – when blood glucose levels are within the standard range.

“However, without measurable information about these factors, AID systems are left to adjust insulin cautiously with the effect of blood glucose levels becoming too low or high.”

Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body produces too little insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose.

The principal treatment for T1D is insulin that is injected or pumped. The amount and timing of insulin must be skilfully matched to carbohydrate intake to avoid increased blood glucose levels. Beyond carbohydrates, other factors such as exercise, hormones, and stress impact insulin needs. However, how often these factors cause significant unexpected effects on blood glucose levels has been little explored, meaning that despite all advances, insulin dosing remains a complex task that can go wrong and result in blood glucose levels outside the range that protects people with T1D from adverse health effects.

The findings highlight the complexity of glucose regulation in T1D and demonstrate the heterogeneity in insulin needs among people with T1D, underlining the need for personalised treatment approaches.

For factors beyond carbohydrates to become more systematically included in clinical practice, scientists need to find a way to measure and quantify their impact and use this information in insulin dosing. This could also aid more accurate blood glucose forecasting, which the study showed is not consistently possible from information about insulin and carbohydrates alone.

Isabella added: “Our study highlights that managing Type 1 Diabetes is far more complex than counting carbs.

“The richness of insights that can be gained from studying automated insulin delivery data is worth the effort it takes to work with this type of real-life data.

“What surprised us most was the sheer variety of patterns we observed, even within our relatively small and homogenous group of participants.

“It’s clear that when it comes to diabetes management, one size doesn’t fit all.

“We hope our results inspire further research into lesser-explored factors that influence insulin needs to improve insulin dosing.”

The team is now advancing time series pattern-finding methods to handle real-life medical data’s diverse and complex nature, including irregular sampling and missing data. Their current focus is on developing innovative segmentation and clustering techniques for multivariate time series data tailored to uncover more granular patterns and handle the challenges AID data poses.

To support this future research, the team seeks long-term, open-access AID datasets that include a wide range of sensor measurements of possible factors and a diverse cohort of people with T1D. Additionally, they aim to collaborate with time series and machine learning experts to address technical challenges such as handling irregularly sampled data with varying intervals between variables and uncovering causalities behind observed patterns, ultimately driving innovations in personalised care.

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People with type 2 diabetes should ‘save carbs for last’




Carbs and Diabetes

Carbs and Diabetes




“Diabetics should save bread for last at mealtime to keep their blood sugar under control,” the Mail Online reports. A small study found that people with type 2 diabetes who saved their carbohydrates until the end of their meal were less likely to experience a sudden rise in their blood sugar (glucose) levels. The medical term for this spike in blood sugar levels is postprandial hyperglycaemia.

Postprandial hyperglycaemia is best avoided as not only can it make the day-to-day symptoms of diabetes worse, it has also been linked to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

It has been suggested that leaving carbohydrates until the end of a meal could slow the emptying of the stomach and give it a chance to digest the protein and vegetables first, which could help prevent a blood glucose spike. The researchers wanted to see whether this was true.

This study included just 16 people who ate the foods of their meal in different orders to test which order was most effective at lowering blood sugar and related hormones. They either ate carbohydrates first, carbohydrates last, or all nutrients together at the same time.

The researchers generally found that consuming carbohydrates last was better at lowering blood sugar levels and insulin secretion when compared to the other ways of eating carbohydrates.

While the results are interesting, the study was far too small to form the basis of any firm medical guidance. For now, it’s best to follow current advice, which is to consume a healthy diet and keep active to help you manage your blood sugar level. This will also help you control your weight and generally feel better.

 

Where did the story come from?

The study was carried out by US researchers from Weill Cornell Medical College, Columbia University and Boston Children’s Hospital. It was funded by the Louis and Rachel Rudin Foundation Grant, and Diane and Darryl Mallah from The Diane and Darryl Mallah Family Foundation.

The study was published in the peer-reviewed BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. It is available on an open-access basis and can be read for free online.

The Mail Online’s coverage generalised the results to all diabetics – but the study only looked at those with type 2 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes typically require insulin injections to keep their blood sugar levels under control.

It also presented the findings as if they were a solid recommendation, but this is not the case, especially given this was an early-stage study using a very small number of people.




 

What kind of research was this?

This was a randomised crossover trial that aimed to determine the best time during a meal to eat carbohydrates to lower blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The researchers also wanted to explore whether changing the order in which foods were eaten during a meal had any effect on the secretion of insulin and other glucose-regulating hormones.

Previous research has suggested that saving carbohydrates until the end of the meal lowers blood glucose levels. This follows on from the notion that eating proteins at the start of a meal stimulates insulin secretion (which helps control glucose levels). However, data on this hypothesis is limited and the researchers of this study wanted to investigate this idea further.

Crossover trials such as this are often used when the sample size is very small. Each person acts as their own control, which effectively increases sample size. The study would ideally need to be conducted using a much larger sample with people randomised to consume nutrients in different orders over a longer period to compare effects.

 

What did the research involve?

The researchers recruited 16 people with type 2 diabetes, between the ages of 35 and 65. All the participants had a body mass index (BMI) of between 25 and 40kg/m2 (covering the range from overweight to severely obese) and had been diagnosed with diabetes within the last 10 years.

All 16 people consumed the same meal on three separate days spaced out one week apart, with each meal following a 12-hour overnight fast.

The meals varied in terms of the order in which the nutrients were eaten. Participants were assigned the following meal types in random order:

carbohydrates first, followed by protein and vegetables 10 minutes later

protein and vegetables, followed by carbohydrates 10 minutes later

all nutrients eaten together

Blood samples were taken before consumption, and then at 30-minute intervals up to 180 minutes. The following were measured:

glucose levels

insulin levels (a hormone released in response to high glucose levels)

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, a hormone secreted in the gut in response to food to signal the release of insulin)

glucagon levels (a hormone released in response to low glucose levels)

All participants were instructed to maintain their usual level of diet and physical activity during the full study period.

 

What were the basic results?

The following was observed:

When carbohydrate was consumed last, lower levels of insulin were secreted (24.8% lower than the meal with carbohydrates first), which would suggest a smaller spike in glucose. There was no significant difference between eating carbohydrates last and having all nutrients together.

Consistent with this, glucose levels were 53.8% and 40.4% lower in the meal with carbohydrates last compared to having carbohydrates first and all nutrients together, respectively.

The GLP-1 levels were higher in people who ate carbohydrates last.

Glucagon levels were not significantly different between the three meal conditions.

 

How did the researchers interpret the results?

The researchers concluded: “In this study, we demonstrated that the temporal sequence of carbohydrate ingestion during a meal has significant impact on postprandial glucose regulation. These findings confirm and extend results from our previous pilot study; the inclusion of a third nutrient order condition, a sandwich, had intermediate effects on glucose excursions compared with carbohydrates last versus carbohydrates first.”

 

Conclusion

This crossover trial investigated the optimal time to eat carbohydrates during a meal to lower blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes. It generally found that consuming carbohydrates last was better at lowering glucose levels and reducing insulin secretion when compared to having carbohydrates first or all nutrients together.

The researchers say that suggesting people with type 2 diabetes follow this advice may be an effective behavioural strategy to improve glucose levels after meals.

Although the findings are interesting, there are a few points to note:

Most importantly, this study was very small. A study using a much larger sample could give completely different results. Ideally the findings would need to be verified in a well-designed trial that randomised a much larger number of people with type 2 diabetes to consume their nutrients in a specific order, and then followed their response to this pattern over a longer period of time.

There may be other factors affecting individual responses to the order of carbohydrate consumption – for example, the level of physical activity was not standardised across all participants. Again this is another factor that would need to be controlled in a larger trial.

We are all different – and saving carbohydrates until the end of a meal may only be effective for some people with type 2 diabetes, and not others.

The findings cannot be applied to people with type 1 diabetes.

These findings may pave the way for further research through larger trials, which in time may result in a change in the current recommendations for meal consumption for people with type 2 diabetes.

However, they have no current implications. For now, a healthy diet and keeping active will help you manage your blood sugar level. This will also help you control your weight and generally feel better.