Symptoms of coeliac disease can range from mild to severe, and often come and go.

Mild cases may not cause any noticeable symptoms, and the condition is often only detected during testing for another condition.

Treatment is recommended even when symptoms are mild or non-existent, because complications can still occur.

Common symptoms

Diarrhoea is the most common symptom of coeliac disease. It’s caused by the body not being able to fully absorb nutrients (malabsorption, see below).

Malabsorption can also lead to stools containing abnormally high levels of fat (steatorrhoea). This can make them foul smelling, greasy and frothy. They may also be difficult to flush down the toilet.

Other common gut-related symptoms include:

abdominal pain

bloating and flatulence (passing wind)

indigestion

constipation

vomiting (usually only affects children)

And more general symptoms may include:

fatigue (extreme tiredness), which may be a sign of iron deficiency anaemia or vitamin B12 folate deficiency anaemia

unexpected weight loss

an itchy rash (see below)

difficulty getting pregnant

tingling and numbness in your hands and feet (peripheral neuropathy)

disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech (ataxia)

swelling of the hands, feet, arms and legs caused by a build-up of fluid (oedema)

Malnutrition

If coeliac disease isn’t treated, not being able to digest food in the normal way could cause you to become malnourished, leading to tiredness and a lack of energy.

Malnutrition in children can result in failure to grow at the expected rate, both in terms of height and weight. Children may also have delayed puberty.

Dermatitis herpetiformis

Although not a symptom of coeliac disease, if you have an autoimmune response to gluten, you may develop a type of skin rash called dermatitis herpetiformis.

The rash is itchy and has blisters that burst when scratched. It usually occurs on your elbows, knees and buttocks, although it can appear anywhere on your body.

It’s estimated that around one in five people with coeliac disease also develop dermatitis herpetiformis.

The exact cause of dermatitis herpetiformis isn’t known, but, as with coeliac disease, it’s associated with gluten. Like coeliac disease, it should clear up after switching to a gluten-free diet.