Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is the name for a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue.

Connective tissues provide support in skin, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, internal organs and bones.

There are several different types of EDS that may share some symptoms, including:

• an increased range of joint movement (joint hypermobility)
• stretchy skin
• fragile skin that breaks or bruises easily

The different types of EDS are caused by faults in certain genes that make connective tissue weaker. Depending on the type of EDS, the faulty gene may have been inherited from one parent, or both parents.

Sometimes the faulty gene isn’t inherited, but occurs in the person for the first time.

EDS can affect people in different ways. For some the condition is relatively mild, while for others their symptoms can be disabling. Some of the rare severe types can be life-threatening.

Main types of EDS

EDS-hypermobile type is the most common type of EDS. Rarer types include classical EDS, vascular EDS and kyphoscoliotic EDS.

EDS-hypermobile type

EDS-hypermobile type (EDS-HT), also known as hypermobile EDS or EDS type III, is often thought to be the same as or very similar to another condition called joint hypermobility syndrome.

People with EDS-HT may have:

• joint hypermobility
• loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily
• joint pain and clicking joints
• extreme tiredness (fatigue)
• skin that bruises easily
• digestive problems, such as heartburn and constipation
• dizziness and an increased heart rate after standing up
• problems with internal organs, such as mitral valve prolapse or organ prolapse
• problems with bladder control (stress incontinence)

Currently, there are no tests to confirm whether someone has EDS-HT. The diagnosis is made based on a person’s medical history and a physical examination.

Classical EDS

Classical EDS (previously EDS types I and II) is less common than hypermobile EDS and tends to affect the skin more.

People with classical EDS may have:

• joint hypermobility
• loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily
• stretchy skin
• fragile skin that can split easily – especially over the forehead, knees, shins and elbows
• smooth, velvety skin that bruises easily
• wounds that are slow to heal and leave wide scars
• hernias and organ prolapse

Vascular EDS

Vascular EDS (previously EDS type IV) is a rare type of EDS and is often considered to be the most serious. It affects the blood vessels and internal organs, which can cause them to split open and lead to life-threatening bleeding.

People with vascular EDS may have:

• skin that bruises very easily
• thin skin with visible small blood vessels, particularly on the upper chest and legs
• fragile blood vessels that can bulge or tear, resulting in serious internal bleeding
• a risk of organ problems, such as the bowel tearing, the womb tearing (in late pregnancy) and partial collapse of the lung
• hypermobile fingers and toes, unusual facial features, (such as a thin nose and lips, large eyes and small earlobes), varicose veins and delayed wound healing

Kyphoscoliotic EDS

Kyphoscoliotic EDS (previously EDS type VI) is rare.

People with kyphoscoliotic EDS may have:

• curvature of the spine – this starts in early childhood and often gets worse in the teenage years
• joint hypermobility
• loose, unstable joints that dislocate easily
• weak muscle tone from childhood (hypotonia) – this may cause a delay in sitting and walking, or difficulty walking if symptoms get worse
• fragile eyes that can easily be damaged
• soft, velvety skin that is stretchy, bruises easily and scars

Getting medical advice

See your GP if you have several troublesome symptoms of EDS.

You don’t usually need to worry if you only have a few symptoms and they’re not causing any problems. Joint hypermobility, for example, is common in healthy people and is unlikely to be caused by EDS if you don’t have any other symptoms.

Your GP may refer you to a joint specialist (rheumatologist) if you have problems with your joints and they suspect EDS. If there’s a possibility you may have one of the rare types of EDS, your GP can refer you to your local genetics service for an assessment.

The local genetics specialist will ask about your medical history, family history, assess your symptoms and may carry out a genetic blood test to confirm the diagnosis.

If further investigation is needed, your hospital doctor can refer you to a  specialist EDS diagnostic service based in Sheffield and London.

Living with EDS

There’s no specific treatment for EDS, but with support and advice it’s possible to manage many of the symptoms.

Adapting your activities

It’s important to be careful about activities that put a lot of strain on your joints or put you at risk of injury. However, it’s important not to be overprotective and avoid living an otherwise normal life.

Advice will depend on which type of EDS you have and how it affects you.

• you may be advised to avoid some activities entirely, such as heavy lifting and contact sports
• for some activities, you may need to wear appropriate protection and be taught how to reduce the strain on your joints
• lower-risk activities, such as swimming or pilates, may be recommended to help you stay fit and healthy
• if fatigue is a problem, you can be taught ways to conserve your energy and pace your activities

For more tips and advice on joint care, you can read about living with EDS on the Ehlers-Danlos Support UK website.

Specialist support

People with EDS may also benefit from support from a number of different healthcare professionals. For example:

• a physiotherapist can teach you exercises to help strengthen your joints, avoid injuries and manage pain
• an occupational therapist can help you manage daily activities and give advice on equipment that may help you
• counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be useful if you’re struggling to cope with long-term pain
• for certain types of EDS, regular scans carried out in hospital can detect problems with internal organs
• genetic counselling can help you learn more about the cause of your condition, how it’s inherited, and what the risks of passing it on to your children are (see below)

Your GP or consultant can refer you to these services.

How EDS is inherited

EDS can be inherited, but in some cases it occurs by chance in someone without a family history of the condition.

The two main ways that EDS is inherited are:

• autosomal dominant inheritance (hypermobile, classical and vascular EDS) – the faulty gene that causes EDS is passed on by one parent and there’s a 50% risk of each of their children developing the condition
• autosomal recessive inheritance (kyphoscoliotic EDS) – the faulty gene is inherited from both parents and there’s a 25% risk of each of their children developing the condition

A person with EDS can only pass on the same type of EDS to their children. For example, the children of someone with hypermobile EDS can’t inherit vascular EDS.

The severity of the condition can vary within the same family.