A recent study by the University of Eastern Finland indicates that following a healthy diet based on nutrition recommendations is linked to improved blood glucose levels and a reduced risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. This positive association was observed even among individuals with a high genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a strongly genetic disease that can be prevented and delayed with a healthy lifestyle, such as diet and exercise.

“However, we haven’t known whether a healthy diet is equally beneficial to all, i.e., to those with a low genetic risk and to those with a high genetic risk,” Doctoral Researcher Ulla Tolonen of the University of Eastern Finland says.

The cross-sectional study examined food consumption and blood glucose levels in more than 1,500 middle-aged and older men participating in the broader Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study, METSIM. Food consumption was measured using a food frequency questionnaire, and blood glucose levels were measured using a two-hour glucose tolerance test. In addition, study participants’ genetic risk of type 2 diabetes was scored based on 76 genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes risk.

The researchers identified two dietary patterns based on food consumption. A dietary pattern termed “healthy” included, among other things, vegetables, berries, fruits, vegetable oils, fish, poultry, potatoes, unsweetened and low-fat yoghurt, low-fat cheese, and whole grain products, such as porridge, pasta, and rice. This diet was associated with, e.g., lower blood glucose levels and a lower risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

The study also explored the effect of the genetic risk of type 2 diabetes on the associations with diet and glucose metabolism. The associations of a healthy diet with better glucose metabolism seemed to hold for individuals with both a low and a high genetic risk of diabetes.

“Our findings suggest that a healthy diet benefits everyone, regardless of their genetic risk,” Tolonen concludes.